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Saturday, 17 August 2013

Autumn Leaves Science Projects Experiment

What you need:
leaves, small jars (baby food jars work well)
covers for jars or aluminum foil or plastic wrap
rubbing alcohol, paper coffee filters
shallow pan, hot tap water, tape, pen
plastic knife or spoon, clock or timer.
What you do:
Collect 2-3 large leaves from several different trees. Tear or chop the leaves into very small pieces and put them into small jars labeled with the name or location of the tree.
Add enough rubbing alcohol to each jar to cover the leaves. Using a plastic knife or spoon, carefully chop and grind the leaves in the alcohol.
SAFETY NOTE: Isopropyl rubbing alcohol can be harmful if mishandled or misused. Read and carefully follow all warnings on the alcohol bottle.
Cover the jars very loosely with lids or plastic wrap or aluminum foil. Place the jars carefully into a shallow tray containing 1 inch of hot tap water.
SAFETY NOTE: Hot water above 150 F can quickly cause severe burns. Experts recommend setting your water heater thermostat no higher than 125 F.
Keep the jars in the water for at least a half-hour, longer if needed, until the alcohol has become colored (the darker the better). Twirl each jar gently about every five minutes. Replace the hot water if it cools off.
Cut a long thin strip of coffee filter paper for each of the jars and label it.
Remove jars from water and uncover. Place a strip of filter paper into each jar so that one end is in the alcohol. Bend the other end over the top of the jar and secure it with tape.
The alcohol will travel up the paper, bringing the colors with it. After 30-90 minutes (or longer), the colors will travel different distances up the paper as the alcohol evaporates. You should be able to see different shades of green, and possibly some yellow, orange or red, depending on the type of leaf.
Remove the strips of paper, let them dry and then tape them to a piece of plain paper. Save them for the next project.

PROJECT 2 - Separate Colors in a Fall Leaf using Chromatography
What you need: same as Project 1.

What you do:
Repeat step (1)-(8) from Project 1, this time using leaves that have changed color. You may have to wait much longer in steps (4) and (7). There is normally much less of the other colors in the leaves compared to the green chlorophyll.

PROJECT 3 - Observe how light affects color development
What you need:
a tree with leaves that turn red in autumn
aluminum foil or heavy paper and masking tape.
What you do:
Before the leaves turn colors in the fall, find a maple tree, flowering dogwood, sweet gum, or other tree or shrub that you know will turn bright red or purple.
Find several leaves that receive bright sunlight, and cover part of them with foil or heavy paper and tape.
After the leaves have changed color, remove the covering and observe the different colors underneath. These are the colors that were in the leaf all summer. The bright reds and purples are only made in the fall, with exposure to light.

illegal human experiments MILLOY: EPA’s

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been sued in federal court for allegedly conducting illegal experiments on human beings. The case tests whether a government agency can violate the law and the most sacrosanct ethics of scientific research — and get away scot-free.

Based on thousands of pages of documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act, since 2004 and continuing through the Obama administration, the EPA intentionally has been exposing dozens, if not hundreds, of human subjects to extraordinarily high levels of air pollutants such as diesel exhaust and fine particulate matter, known as PM2.5. The experiments occurred at an EPA facility located on the campus of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine.

Many of the study subjects were health-impaired — suffering from asthma, metabolic syndrome, old age (up to 75 years) or, worse, combinations of those factors. They were all financially needy, since they enrolled in the experiments for compensation of $12 per hour.

Since 1997, the EPA has regulated PM2.5, which is also a major component of diesel exhaust, on the basis that it kills people. In 2004, the EPA determined that PM2.5 could kill on a short-term basis — i.e., within hours or days of exposure. The EPA also determined in 2004 that there is no safe level of exposure to PM2.5. That is, any inhalation of PM2.5 can kill. EPA says health-impaired people and the elderly are most vulnerable to the effects of PM2.5. EPA also says the evidence is strong that PM2.5 and diesel exhaust cause cancer.

The chairman of EPA's Clean Air Scientific Advisory Council, Dr. Jonathan M. Samet, wrote in a 2011 commentary in the New England Journal of Medicine that there is no safe exposure to PM2.5, a view reiterated to House Energy and Commerce Chairman Fred Upton, Michigan Republican, in a February 2012 letter by EPA’s air chief, Gina McCarthy.

EPA Administrator Lisa P. Jackson testified in Congress in September 2011, “Particulate matter causes premature death. It doesn’t make you sick. It’s directly causal to dying sooner than you should.” She also testified, “If we could reduce particulate matter to levels that are healthy, we would have an identical impact to finding a cure for cancer.” Cancer kills about 570,000 people in the U.S. annually, according to the American Cancer Society.

EPA does more than just say bad things about PM2.5 and diesel exhaust. It has issued stringent multibillion-dollar regulations that limit emissions. In addition to setting national air quality standards, which EPA is in the process of tightening, the agency has issued many rules during the Obama administration, the two biggest being the Cross-State Air Pollution Rule and the Mercury and Air Toxics Standards. EPA’s cost-benefit justification for both rules depends entirely on its condemnation of PM2.5 as a killer.

In addition to testing the lethal and cancer-causing PM2.5 and diesel exhaust on frail and needy people, the EPA failed to inform the study subjects that it had determined that those substances were so deadly and toxic.

While EPA repeatedly over many years has told the public and Congress that PM2.5 can kill within hours of exposure, the agency only told the study subjects, for example, “You may experience some minor degree of airway irritation, cough or shortness of breath or wheezing. These symptoms typically disappear two to four hours after exposure, but may last longer for particularly sensitive people.”

One obese woman with a personal and family history of heart disease developed a cardiac arrhythmia during her experiment. She was rushed to the hospital for an overnight stay. The EPA, in a published report, attributed her heart problem to PM2.5, but it then failed to warn subsequent human subjects of the risks of cardiac arrhythmia.

In its lawsuit against the EPA, the nonprofit American Tradition Institute asserts that all this conduct runs afoul of virtually every rule and ethical standard established since World War II and the Tuskegee syphilis experiments to protect human study subjects from rogue and abusive scientific research.

In answer to the lawsuit, EPA included a declaration in which the clinical studies coordinator claims to verbally warn study subjects right before experimentation, “There is the possibility you may die from this.” In addition to the shocking nature of this “warning,” even if it were acceptable to risk the lives of human study subjects for the sake of science, such a warning would need to be in writing, according to the Common Rule.

EPA also has potential civil liability to the study subjects and criminal liability for fraud and assault and battery. While the mere testing of such toxic substances clearly is prohibited, EPA has compounded wrongdoing with its failure to obtain informed consent.

So if PM2.5 and diesel exhaust are, in fact, as dangerous as EPA says, the agency could face serious legal liabilities. The only way the agency wouldn’t face those liabilities would be if it has been grossly misleading the public, and Congress and PM2.5 and diesel exhaust aren’t really so toxic after all.

At least three of the EPA researchers involved in these experiments are North Carolina-licensed physicians. The North Carolina Medical Board has opened an investigation. The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, which provided EPA with the required institutional review board for approving the experiments, has commenced its own inquiry. In contrast, the Obama-appointed Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues has refused so far to get involved, despite multiple requests, claiming it already has a full agenda.

Human Experiments Evil

The Stanford prison experiment was a psychological study of human responses to captivity, and its behavioral effects on both authorities and inmates. Undergraduate volunteers played the roles of both guards and prisoners living in a mock prison. Prisoners and guards rapidly adapted to their roles, and soon stepped beyond the boundaries of what had been predicted, leading to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations.

9. The Monster Study

The Monster Study was an experiment conducted on 22 orphan children in 1939. Half of the children were given positive speech therapy, in which the fluency of their speech was praised. The other half were belittled for every speech imperfection and told they were stutterers. Many of the normal speaking orphan children who received negative therapy suffered negative psychological effects and some retained speech problems during the course of their life.

8. Project 4.1

Project 4.1 was a medical study conducted by the United States of residents of the Marshall Islands exposed to radioactive fallout from the nuclear test at Bikini Atoll. In the decades that followed, children began to suffer disproportionately from thyroid cancer (due to exposure to radioiodines), and almost a third of those exposed developed neoplasms. A Department of Energy report concluded that, “The dual purpose of what is now a DOE medical program has led to a view by the Marshallese that they were being used as ‘guinea pigs’ in a ‘radiation experiment.’”

7. Project MKULTRA

Project MKULTRA, or MK-ULTRA, was the code name for a CIA mind-control research program. There is much published evidence that the project involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function. Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions. LSD and other drugs were usually administered without the subject’s knowledge or consent.

6. The Aversion Project

South Africa’s apartheid army forced white *** and gay soldiers to undergo ’sex-change’ operations in the 1970s and the 1980s, and submitted many to chemical castration, electric shock, and other unethical medical experiments. As many as 900 forced ’sexual reassignment’ operations may have been performed as part of a top-secret program to root out homosexuality from the service.

5. North Korean Experimentation

There have been many reports of North Korean human experimentation. One former North Korean woman prisoner tells how 50 healthy women prisoners were forced to eat poisoned cabbage leaves. All 50 were dead after 20 minutes of vomiting blood and anal bleeding. Kwon Hyok, a former prison head of security at Camp 22, described laboratories equipped respectively for poison gas, suffocation gas and blood experiments, in which three or four people, normally a family, were the experimental subjects.

4. Poison Laboratory of the Soviets

The Poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services, also known as Laboratory 1, Laboratory 12 and “The Chamber,” was a covert poison research and development facility. The Soviets tested a number of deadly poisons on prisoners, including mustard gas, ricin, and digitoxin.

3. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male was a clinical study conducted between 1932 and 1972 in Tuskegee, Alabama. Nearly 400 poor African American sharecroppers were denied treatment for syphilis so that the effects could be examined. This study became notorious and led to major changes in how patients are protected in clinical studies.

2. Unit 731

Unit 731 was a covert biological and chemical warfare research unit of the Imperial Japanese Army. Some of the numerous atrocities committed included vivisection of living people, including pregnant women who were impregnated by the doctors, limbs amputated and reattached, and humans used as living test cases for grenades and flame throwers. Prisoners were also injected with strains of diseases to study their effects.

1. Nazi Experiments

Medical experimentation was conducted on large numbers of people by the German Nazi regime in its concentration camps during World War II. Dr. Josef Mengele performed experiments on over 1,500 sets of imprisoned twins; fewer than 200 individuals survived these studies. The tests ranged from the injection of different chemicals into the eyes of the twins to see if it would change their colors, to literally sewing the twins together in hopes of creating conjoined twins. Other experiments included forcing subjects to endure a tank of ice water for up to three hours to test hypothermia treatments, and infecting wounds with bacteria to test antibacterial treatments.

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